Which of the following is NOT part of the 4 P's of marketing?

The 4 P's of marketing are a foundational concept that encompasses Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. These elements represent the key areas a marketer needs to manage to effectively meet customer needs and achieve business goals.

Product refers to the goods or services offered by a company that fulfills a customer need or demand. Price is the amount that consumers pay to acquire the product, which can also involve strategies like discounts or payment plans. Place denotes the distribution channels used to deliver the product to consumers, ensuring it is available where and when the target market expects it. Promotion encompasses the various methods of communicating with the target audience to inform them about the product and persuade them to purchase it, which includes advertising, sales promotions, and personal selling.

Public relations, while an important aspect of marketing, is focused on managing the public image and relationship of an organization with its various stakeholders. It does not fall under the original 4 P's framework, making it the correct answer in this context. Understanding the distinction between these concepts is crucial, as marketers often integrate public relations efforts with their promotional strategies, but it stands apart from the core elements defined in the 4 P's.